Flexible Response. B. By making nuclear war too destructive to fight, by making the distinction between victor and loser in such a conflict increasingly meaningless, the deterrent strategy aimed at eliminating war itself. These targets included Following a North Korean threat of an attack on the United States military base in Guam, it prompted a response from President Trump in which he stated: “They will be met with fire and fury like the world has never seen. It limited the production of nuclear weapons. Rather than massive retaliation, the Kennedy administration embraced the doctrine of flexible response. The atomic bombs may have been dropped in Japan, but their power was perceived around the world. Both problems are not unique to massive retaliation, but to nuclear deterrence as a whole. Following the conclusion of World War II, newly-elected President Dwight Eisenhower quickly ended the fight in Korea, and made it a goal to keep the still threatening Soviet Union at bay, while also avoiding conflicts in Asia. Using non-cooperative game theory, the authors develop a new approach to deterrence (Perfect Deterrence Theory), which they apply to unilateral and mutual direct-deterrence relationships, and to extended-deterrence relationships supported by deployment policies such as Massive Retaliation and Flexible Response. After more than a decade of comparatively little public interest in matters of nuclear strategy, the last few years have seen a resurgence of concern about the policy of nuclear deterrence that the North Atlantic Alliance has followed since ... D. It authorized nuclear tests in specific countries. This ultimately ended with no advancement to denuclearization in North Korea, and no preemptive or retaliatory strikes by either side. Before the development of the US nuclear triad, the threat of massive retaliation was hard to make credible, and was inflexible in response to foreign policy issues, as everyday challenges of foreign policy could not have been dealt with using a massive nuclear strike. CosmoDodo. The ultimate goal of introducing a tactic such as massive retaliation by powerful government officials such as Dulles and Eisenhower was to provide a military tactic that would sustain peace and prevail against communism. Taking into account lives lost and money spent, Do you think the JFK's adoption of the Flexible Response defense strategy was a more suitable policy than Eisenhower's Massive retaliation doctrine? Under massive retaliation, NATO resolved to respond to any attack on itself with an extensive nuclear retaliation (McNamara 63). C. It prohibited all testing of nuclear weapons. its predicted ability to devastate the Soviet Union and her allies, shocked Marshall Plan. Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of massive retaliation. Massive retaliation works on the same principles as mutual assured destruction (MAD), with the important caveat that even a minor conventional attack on a nuclear state could conceivably result in all-out nuclear retaliation. commanders from various branches of the military stationed in Europe, the As a result of your question, I found the following YOUTUBE video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04RLtFauLho There is little doubt in my mind that Robert McNamara . many strategists, causing them to reevaluate the long held doctrine of massive While NATO and the United States did Implementation of the policy led to greater defense spending on conventional and unconventional forces and weapons. Massive retaliation provided only two options to a president in the event of . military assistance domino theory. We need allies and collective security. Massive Retaliation was an all-or-nothing strategy. The Kennedy administration replaced its predecessor's concept of "massive retaliation" with the notional strategy of "flexible response," which called for the United States to develop the capacity to prevail in a limited nuclear war. But there is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty land power of the Communist world. Subsequent developments such as thermonuclear warhead miniaturization, accurate silo-based ICBMs, accurate submarine-launched ballistic missiles, stealth technology applied to cruise missiles, and GPS munitions guidance have resulted in a much more credible second-strike capability for some technologically advanced nations. brinkmanship. across the globe in the early 1960s. II. The Strategic Air Command controlled half of the arsenal while flexible response also gave NATO the option of a limited nuclear strike (Kaysen Think about the connection and how you would include the item. ideological. of NATO's defense strategy from massive retaliation strategy, which was adopted in 1954, to flexible response strategy. Implementation of the policy led to greater defense spending on conventional and unconventional forces and weapons. The New Look approach relied heavily on the capacity for a devastating assault with nuclear weapons —the strategy of massive retaliation—to fight Soviet military provocations, regardless of whether they involved nuclear weapons or not. The credibility of this doctrine of "massive retaliation" was already strained, however, by the time of its formal adoption by NATO. ; Bendix believed that this structure would allow for a more flexible response to post-human threats. nouncement of Flexible Response, focused on Dulles's policy of Massive Retaliation. Drawing on a wide range of documentary evidence, Matthew Jones charts the development of American nuclear strategy and the foreign policy problems it raised, as the United . With the growth of the Soviet nuclear arsenal pushing the U.S. away from massive retaliation and improved intelligence suggesting the viability of a strategy based around conventional forces, it became increasingly obvious that "flexible response" was a superior strategy. It served as a rejection of Eisenhower's massive retaliation policy, including its reliance on nuclear weapons . Containment Brinksmanship/ Massive Retaliation Flexible Response JFK-Style Flexible Response Détente 3 Most Important Foreign Policy Decisions or Events of their Presidency Potsdam Conference 1 st atomic bomb Creation on Containment: o Truman Doctrine o Marshall Plan o NATO Berlin Blockade./Airlift Loss of China Korean War begins NSC-68 Ended . NATO continued to advocate massive retaliation for a decade before it adopted a strategy of flexible response in December 1967. In fact, the Soviet Union took many minor military actions that would have necessitated the use of nuclear weapons under a strict reading of the massive retaliation doctrine. 'The pecuniary equivalent of massive retaliation in short was an unsatisfactory substitute for flexible response.' 'By creating small, multifunctional teams, the medical service can provide the on-scene commander with a flexible response tailored for the specific contingency.' This, if successful, would cripple the defending state's retaliatory capacity and render a massive retaliation strategy useless. The first three chapters of this volume are in effect reprinted from the 1974 edition of Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine, and the following chapters have been added to bring this never-ending story up to 1984.Contents: CHAPTER 1 - THE NEW ... Lockwood bases his examination on Soviet sources such as newspapers, periodicals, radio broadcasts, and books. He establishes that Soviet analysts tend to project their own notions of clear strategy onto U.S. doctrine and intentions. The study examines the evolution of U.S. postwar security strategy which is characterized as follows (dates approximate): Period of deteriorating major power cooperation (1945-47); containment of communism primarily through economic and ... The aim of massive retaliation is to deter another state from initially attacking. It is the reason that while India's capabilities and procedures to operationalise those capabilities are considered, the study focuses more on the compatibility of massive retaliation and flexible response, on one hand, and India's intentions in its declaratory doctrine and the interpretations of the doctrine. Overview -- The pre-Cold War (1945-47) -- Containment (1947-54) -- Massive retaliation, second strike, and flexible response (1954-69) -- Mutually assured destruction and detente (1969-79) -- Winnable nuclear war, the Evil Empire, and the collapse of Communism (1980-90) The aftermath of the Cold War. flexible response the kennedy administration's alternative to the Ike-Dulles Soviet policy of brinkmanship and "massive retaliation", the US would respond to Soviet or Chinese provocations not with empty threats of all out war but in proportion to the seriousness of hte provocations, openly or covertly Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of massive retaliation. ], however, that aside from raising tensions in an already strained relationship with the Soviet bloc, massive retaliation had few practical effects at that time. Flexible Response was President Kennedy's policy for resolving Cold War conflicts. Through SIOP, strategists coordinated Under a doctrine of flexible response, A potential aggressor must know that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions that suit him[2]. Military-Industrial Complex isolationism. . Containment. Since the early 1950s, U.S. strategic doctrine has been embodied in several linguistic formulations (massive retaliation, graduated deterrence, and extended deterrence/flexible response) but its . advances in submarine technology resulted in many strategists suggesting NATO The reevaluation of massive retaliation caused by SIOP and advances in submarine technology resulted in many strategists suggesting NATO and the United States adopt a doctrine of flexible response. Those began to surface in the 1950s, after the Eisenhower administration had . Flexible response involved fewer strategic bombers and more fighter-bombers to support a . 1st atomic bomb. Thomas Schelling's deterrence theory discusses this more sharply: "signalling", or the use of threats internationally to deter an enemy from an attack or to make demands. C. flexible response D. massive retaliation. Under the Kennedy Administration, the United States adopted a more flexible policy in an attempt to avert nuclear war if the Soviets did not cooperate with American demands. Found insideIn this magisterial and enthralling account, Gerard DeGroot gives us the life story of the Bomb, from its birth in the turn-of-the-century physics labs of Europe to a childhood in the New Mexico desert of the 1940s, from adolescence and ... "Massive retaliation" was based on a preference for nuclear over conventional deterrence and on the premise (or threat) that any aggression would be met with an overwhelming nuclear response. By emphasising the role of nuclear issues, After Hiroshima, published in 2010, provides an original history of American policy in Asia between the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan and the escalation of the Vietnam War. Essay Questions. fault of the United States. 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